|
The ''フランス語:Grand Quartier Général'' (abbreviated to フランス語:GQG or ''フランス語:Grand QG'' in spoken French) was the general headquarters of the French Army during the First World War. It served as the wartime equivalent of the フランス語:Conseil Supérieur de la Guerre and had extensive powers within an area defined by the French parliament. The フランス語:GQG was activated by parliament on 2 August 1914, after the violation of French borders by German military patrols and remained in existence until 20 October 1919. フランス語:GQG was commanded by the Chief-of-Staff, assisted by a varying number of subordinate generals and had representatives to the French government and president. The headquarters of フランス語:GQG was originally at Vitry-le-François in the Marne department but rapid German advances in the early stages of the war forced its withdrawal to Chantilly, near Paris, by November 1914 and it remained there for much of the rest of the war. General Joseph Joffre served as the first Chief of Staff of フランス語:GQG from the start of the war until December 1916 and his replacement by General Robert Nivelle. Nivelle was replaced in May 1917 after the failure of his Spring offensive and was succeeded by General Philippe Pétain, who retained command of フランス語:GQG until its dissolution in 1919. In April 1918 the フランス語:Grand Quartier Général des Armées Alliées was established under General Ferdinand Foch as an equivalent organisation with authority for Allied operations in France. フランス語:GQG was organised into a complex series of departments and bureaux that changed frequently throughout the war. This structure has been criticised by historians for failing to encourage co-operation between departments and for widespread infighting. There were also concerns about the autonomy and power vested in GQG. French policy, laid down in 1913, had been for the two most important field armies, the north and north-east, to retain operational independence. GQG, under Joffre, assumed control of these armies in December 1915 and retained them until his replacement by Nivelle when the Minister of War, Joseph Gallieni, raised concerns that the pre-war policy was being violated. フランス語:GQG failed accurately to assess German casualties, basing military operations on wildly optimistic assessments of the weakness of German units and reserves. == Origins and structure == The フランス語:Grand Quartier Général had its origins in the reforms instituted by France after their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War. The position and supporting staff, of the Chief of Staff of the French Army was created with responsibility for training and mobilisation in peace and the formation of the army high command in times of war. The establishment of フランス語:GQG in 1911 formalised this situation, with フランス語:GQG becoming the wartime counterpart of the フランス語:Conseil Supérieur de la Guerre (CSG) and the vice-president of フランス語:CSG becoming the chief of staff of the フランス語:GQG. The フランス語:GQG received extensive military powers within an area defined as the zone of army control; control of the remainder of the armed forces was retained by the Minister of War. GQG was activated upon the mobilisation of the French Army by parliament, who also defined the zone of army control. The chief of staff was assisted by an フランス語:état-major-général, who ran the フランス語:GQG general staff of around 50 officers and saw that the commander-in-chief's orders were carried out and two aides-majors with responsibilities for the individual departments of GQG.〔 フランス語:GQG was originally organised into four bureaux (or departments). The First Bureau was responsible for organization, personnel and equipment; the Second Bureau for intelligence, information and political affairs; the Third Bureau for the planning of military operations and the Fourth Bureau (sometimes called the ''フランス語:Direction de l'Arrière'' - Directorate of the Rear ()) for transport, communication and supply.〔〔 The Third Bureau was considered by far the most powerful as it had control of active military operations. Its staff consisted mainly of liaison officers, embedded with individual unit headquarters. Though these officers were junior in rank to the generals commanding the armies, they held significant power over their careers through the reports made on their operations to フランス語:GQG. One officer from the Third Bureau liaised with the French government and another with the president and they were said to wield "considerable political power". The Fourth Bureau had a wide remit, with responsibility for the management of military railways, motor vehicles, water transport, financial offices, post offices and telegraphy and its chief was sometimes called the ''フランス語:directeur de l'arrière'' (director of the rear ()).〔 In addition フランス語:GQG was responsible for co-ordination with allied armies.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|